Eschatology and Ethics
Eschatology (i.e. the teaching on end times) is not mainly about charts and predictions. It is about worship, longing, and hoping. It is about crying out, How long, O’ Lord?! (Rev. 6:10) and “Come, Lord Jesus!” (Rev. 22:20). Eschatology is about motivation. Motivation to not live for this world that will soon be dissolved but for one that is unfading (cf. 1 Pet. 1:4; 2 Pet. 3:10-12). When we hope in Christ’s return we have motivation to be pure as He is pure (1 Jn. 3:3). Motivation to labor diligently and constantly because our Master is expected at any time (e.g. Matt. 24:36ff; 25:13; 1 Thess. 5:1-2). We are to constantly remind ourselves of His nearing advent and of the feast we shall share with Him (cf. Matt. 26:29; Mk. 14:25; Lk. 22:16; 1 Cor.11:26; Rev. 19:9).[1]
I do think it is good to be well-informed when it comes to Christ’s return. We should understand the main arguments for the different views on eschatology. However, I don’t think we should be dogmatic about how and when exactly it will happen (cf. e.g. Mk. 13:32). But that it will happen and will be glorious. And that it should motivate us as we seek to live faithful lives here as exiles waiting for our blessed hope.
“It is a pity that the church’s teaching on eschatology, the last days, has been concerned mostly with arguments about the order of events. In Scripture itself, the primary thrust of eschatology is ethical,” says John Frame.[2] I agree with Frame, although that should not be a cop-out for studying the book of Revelations and all the other relevant passages.
Yet, if we are just concerned with revealing that which Jesus said would be unrevealed until He came back then we are in a fruitless pursuit (cf. Matt 24:36; Acts 1:7; 1 Thess. 4:13-5:3). However, I do think it is profitable to have general convictions regarding end times. But, in my opinion, a dogmatic conviction is simply unbiblical and unwise. Most of the Pharisees, for example, were so dogmatic they missed Jesus the Messiah. They were so stuck in their ingrained thoughts (and convictions) that they couldn’t see their long Promised Savior before their eyes. Instead, we should be like the Bereans (Acts 17:11). We should know and search the Scriptures; but we should not have every jot and tittle of eschatology dogmatically lined out to a t.
Seven ways the Main Thrust of Eschatology is Ethical[3]:
- We live in the “already but not yet.” That is, the Kingdom of God has been ushered in but it has not been decisively established yet. “So while we are risen with Christ, we must seek the things that are above (Col. 3:1-4). We have died to sin (v. 3), but we must ‘put to death’ the sins of this life (v. 5). So the Christian life is an attempt, motivated by God’s grace, to live according to the principles of the age to come.”[4]
- Peter reminds us that since the present world will be dissolved we should not then live for this world but the next. And thus have morals shaped by the next Kingdom and not this evil one (2 Peter 3:11; 1 Cor. 7:26, 29).
- We “purify ourselves as He is pure,” why? Because we eagerly await the return of Jesus (Phil. 3:20; 2 Peter 3:12; 1 Jn. 3:3). Thus, we see that eschatology is not about hanging up charts that map out when Jesus will return, we clearly cannot know that, but about being found ready when He does come (Matt. 24).
- We can be sure that since Christ resurrected from the grave and was the “firstfruits” that we also will be raised. Therefore,we are told, to be steadfast, immovable, always abounding in the labor of the Lord, because our labor in the Lord is not in vain (1 Cor. 15:58)! When we remember that we too will be raised and receive glorified bodies and enjoy God forever we are motivated to labor for the Lord.
- “We look to the return of Christ as our deliverance from tribulation and thus a source of hope (Luke 21:28).”[5]
- We must always be ready to meet the Lord, always! This is a great prod to faithfulness ( 24:44; 1 Thess. 5:1-10; 1 Peter 1:7; 2 Peter 3:14).
- We also think of the reward that God will give in heaven and this also encourages us to labor for Him (see for example Matt. 5:12, 46; 6:1; Rom. 14:10; 1 Cor. 3:8-15; James 1:12; Rev. 11:18).
Take Away
1) We should study end times. We need to seek to accurately handle the Word of truth (I speak to myself!). Yet we should not dogmatically hold to our position on this subject.
2) We need to remember, that the end of the story, and the main point of the Revelations, is to show that God through Jesus the Christ is victorious! This truth encouraged John who was exiled on Patmos and all the churches that were being persecuted to whom the letter went. If we read the letter, especially in that context, we will respond, not so much with a certain view of how everything will happen, but by saying, “Come Lord Jesus, come”! And that is the more powerful takeaway from the book.
3) Thus, we need to understand that all talk of end times does, or should, have a very practical thrust.
Conclusion
A person can have charts on the wall, even fairly accurate ones, and yet not have Christ in their heart and exuding out of their heart. If our study of the second coming of Christ and the future Kingdom of God does not have a very practical thrust, I don’t care how much we think we understand eschatology, we don’t understand eschatology. May we meditate on eschatology, but may it change not merely our view of the end times, but our ethics!
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[1] “We are called to be a people of memory, who are shaped by a tradition that is millennia older than the last Billboard chart. And we are called also called to be a people of expectation, praying for and looking forward to a coming kingdom that will break in upon our present as a thief in the night” (James K. A. Smith, Desiring the Kingdom, 159).
[2] John Frame, The Doctrine of God, p. 277.
[3] These seven points are taken from John Frame.
[4] Ibid., 277.
[5] Ibid., 278.
What is the Gospel?
It must be understood here that even if all the books ever written were expositions of the gospel they would not begin to reach the summit of all the gospel is. John Piper has demonstrated in his book that God is the Gospel and God is infinite and thus the good news is infinitely and inexhaustibly good and cannot begin to be fully comprehended.[1]
The gospel means good news.[2] It is the announcement of the good news of Christ but as I have said, there is a lot of good news to announce. In fact, a limitless amount of good news. We have, in Christ, reconciliation with God and will with men, we have appeasement from God’s wrath and peace in its place, we have a new heart that loves the Lord, we are holy and being made holy, we will be glorified, we have riches in heaven, we are sons and daughters of God, and this is just the beginning of all the good news that is found in Christ.
In Kevin Deyoung’s and Greg Gilbert’s book What Is the Mission of the Church?, they have a helpful discussion on the wide-angle lens and the zoom-lens aspect of the gospel. When asked, “’What is the whole good news of Christianity?’” they say, “the gospel of the kingdom through the cross.”[3] The good news is legion but it all flows from the good news of Jesus’ death, burial, and resurrection according to the Scriptures (cf. 1 Cor. 15:3-4 and 51-57). I wonder if the reason why we as Americans are sometimes not excited about the gospel of the Kingdom is that we are so enamored by the present earthly kingdom. Though, I do realize that the gospel of the Kingdom has suffered many abuses. The gospel of the Kingdom has an “already/not yet” aspect to it, that must be remembered. Sadly, however, the pendulum often swigs too far in one direction or another.
D. A. Carson in writing on the wide and narrow senses of the gospel shows what a helpful balance looks like:
“There is but one gospel of Jesus Christ. The narrower focus draws you to Jesus—his incarnation, his death and resurrection, his session and reign—as that from which all the elements of what God is doing are drawn. The broader focus sketches in the right dimensions of what Christ has secured. But this means that if one preaches the gospel in the broader sense without also emphasizing the gospel in the more focused sense of what God has done to bring about such sweeping transformation, one actually sacrifices the gospel. To preach the gospel as if this were equivalent to preaching, say, the demands of the kingdom or the characteristics and promises of the kingdom, both now in its inauguration and finally in its consummation, without the making clear what secures the whole, is not to preach the gospel…
The heart of the gospel is what God has done in Jesus, supremely in his death and resurrection. Period. It is not personal testimony about our repentance; it is not a few words about our faith response; it is not obedience; it is not the cultural mandate or any other mandate. Repentance, faith, and obedience are of course essential, and must be rightly related in the light of Scripture, but they are not the good news. The gospel is good news about what God has done.”[4]
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[1] “The finite cannot take in all of the infinite… The end of increasing pleasure in God will never come. God is inexhaustible, infinite” (John Piper, Taste and See [Colorado Springs: Multnomah Books, 2005], 148). “Here is the way Edwards puts it: ‘I suppose it will not be denied by any, that God, in glorifying the saints in heaven with eternal felicity, aims to satisfy his infinite grace benevolence, by the bestowment of a good [which is] infinitely valuable, because eternal: and yet there never will come the moment, when it can be said, that now this infinitely valuable good has been actually bestowed’ (The End for Which God Created the World, ¶285, in God’s Passion for His Glory [Wheaton: Crossway, 1998], 251).
Moreover, he says, our eternal rising into more and more of God will be a ‘rising higher and higher through that infinite duration, and…not with constantly diminishing (but perhaps an increasing) [velocity] …[to an] infinite height; though there never will be any particular time when it can be said already to have come to such a height’ (God’s Passion for His Glory, 279). It will take an infinite number of ages for God to be done glorifying the wealth of his grace to us—which is to say he will never be done. And our joy will increase forever and ever, Boredom is absolutely excluded in the presence of an infinitely glorious God” (Ibid.).
[2] Knowing that the good news of the gospel encapsulates more than could ever be written down Mark Dever offers this helpful definition: “The good news is that the one and only God, who is holy, made us in his image to know him. But we sinned and cut ourselves off from him. In his great love, God became a man in Jesus, lived a perfect life, and died on the cross, thus fulfilling the law himself and taking on himself the punishment for sins of all those who would ever turn and trust in him. He rose again from the dead, showing that God accepted Christ’s sacrifice and that God’s wrath against us had been exhausted. He now calls us to repent of our sins and to trust in Christ alone for forgiveness. If we repent of our sins and trust in Christ, we are born again into a new life, an eternal life with God” (Mark Dever, The Gospel and Personal Evangelism [Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 2007], 43).
[3] What Is the Mission of the Church?: Making Sense of Social Justice, Shalom and the Great Commission (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2011), 111.
[4] D. A. Carson, “What is the Gospel?—Revisited” in For the Fame of God’s Name, 161-62.
The Storyline of Scripture
Scene 1 & 2: Creation and Fall
The Bible is a true story about God making the world, man messing it up, and God becoming a man to fix the world by not messing up. It is a story of Eden—exile—repeat. It is not until the true Adam, the true and righteous Son of God comes that this process is put to an end. All of Christ’s predeceases fell short; Adam, Noah, Abraham, Saul, David, Solomon, and the lambs, priests, and prophets could not fill Christ’s rule.
From the beginning of time and the beginning of God’s word, the Word has been a prominent character in the script of history (Gen. 1:1ff; Jn. 1:1ff). At first, the promised offspring (Gen. 3:15) is vague, in fact, Eve rejoiced because she thought she had the offspring (4:1) but it was all for naught for Cain was of the offspring of the serpent and killed his brother. However, now we have seen that which even the prophets longed to look (Matt. 13:17), we know that all Scripture finds its fulfillment in Jesus who is the long awaited Messiah (2 Cor. 1:20).
When Jesus came the first time, He had no beauty or majesty (Is. 53:2). When He comes again His face will shine like the sun in full strength (Rev. 1:16). We were cast out of the Garden in the beginning but as Jesus said to the thief on the cross, we will be with Him in paradise in the end. Jesus is the linchpin among all the cogs of Scripture. “The trajectory of the arrow shot from the Hebrew Scriptures finds its target (fulfillment) in Jesus of Nazareth.”[1]
The Storyline of the Scripture has all sorts of twists and turns, conflicts and resolutions, but the overarching story can be summed up: creation, fall, redemption, and new creation.
Through the creation part of the narrative we see that God made everything (Gen. 1:1ff; Jn. 1:1-3) and it was good (Gen. 1:4; 10; 12; 18; 21; 25; 31). There was no sin, no death, and no problems before man sinned. Man had perfect fellowship with God (cf. Gen. 3:8).[2]
However, the plot thickens. A cosmic problem is introduced. Through man’s fall, we see the collapse of the creation, which explains why everything is no longer good. Man disobeyed and rebelled (Gen. 2:16-17; 3:6) and this brought spiritual and physical death (Gen. 2:17; 3:19), pain (3:16-17), difficulties (3:18-19), and separation from God (3:23-24). This is the bad news. We deserve death and hell.
Scene 3 & 4: Redemption and New Creation
This is not the end of the story. There is good news. Even at the beginning of the story, God promised that He would send someone (i.e. the Messiah/Christ) to defeat the “bad guy” (i.e. Satan) of the story (cf. Gen 3:15). In a similar scene, seen throughout the Bible, man’s nemesis is once again at it with him. Satan is tempting not Adam but the second Adam in the wilderness (Luke 4). However, unlike Adam in paradise, the second Adam does not give into the serpent’s temptation, although He is in the desert. Jesus was tempted in every way that Adam was, and we are, yet He did not sin (Heb. 4:15) and still He bore our sin upon Himself.
Jesus became man so “that through death he might destroy the one who has the power over death, that is, the devil” (Heb. 2:14). Jesus’ heel was “bruised” at the cross but through that same cross, where He received the bruising, He struck the serpent with a definitive death blow to the head (cf. Gen. 3:15). From the cross, Jesus cried out, “It is finished!” In Jesus’ death, the devil, and death are defeated! He has delivered us from the domain of darkness (Col. 1:13). He disarmed the demonic rulers and authorities and put them to open shame, by triumphing over them through the cross (Col. 2:15).
Jesus is the Promised One (Luke 24:27, 44-46; Acts 13:23, 27; 17:3; Rom. 1:2-4; 1 Cor. 15:3-4;) who brings the redemption of all things (cf. Rom. 5:10; Col. 1:20; Titus 2:14; Gal. 3:13; Eph. 1:7, 10).[3] He secures for us an eternal redemption by means of His own blood (Heb. 9:12). Jesus Christ is the solution to the problem; He takes our sin, our problem, upon Himself on the cross. This is the good news; Jesus is the good news![4] Jesus reversed the curse of sin by becoming a curse for us (Gal. 3:13). Jesus was cast out of the garden so that we could be welcomed back in. Through the one man Adam we all have condemnation yet through the one Man Jesus Christ the grace of God has abounded for many (Rom. 5:12-21).We deserved to be crushed under God’s wrath because of our sin but instead Jesus was crushed in our place (Is. 52:13-53:12). Jesus is the solution to our problem of sin, the sole solution (Jn. 14:6; Act. 4:12). Jesus is the Lamb of God, without blemish, that takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29; Heb. 9:14)!
Jesus is the good news but the good news is not static it goes on and on and on; those in Christ live happily-ever-after (see endnote 3). In contrast, God “will gather out of his kingdom all causes of sin and all law-breakers” (Matt. 13:41) and cast them into the pit of eternal fire (Rev. 20:14-15). “They will suffer the punishment of eternal destruction, away from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of his might” (2 Thess. 1:9). However, for those in Christ the story of history will have a happy ending (Rom. 8:29-39).[5]
I concur with what C.S. Lewis says in The Last Battle,
“We can most truly say that they all lived happily ever after. But for them it was only the beginning of the real story. All their life in this world and all their adventures in Narnia had only been the cover and the title page: now at last they were beginning Chapter One of the Great Story which no one on earth has read: which goes on forever: in which every chapter is better than the one before.”[6]
I believe we, upon arrival to the new Eden, will exclaim with Lewis’ Unicorn:
“I have come home at last! This is my real country! I belong here. This is the land I have been looking for all my life, though I never knew it to now. The reason why we loved the old Narnia [“old creation”] is that it sometime looked a little like this.”[7]
Through Jesus the Christ we have the unwavering hope of a new creation (2 Peter 3:13). “The creation was subjected to futility” in Adam (Gen. 317-19) but in Christ “the creation itself will be set free from its bondage to corruption and obtain the freedom of the glory of the children of God” (Rom. 8:20-21). As Isaac Watts put it in “Joy to the World,”
“No more let sins and sorrows grow,
Nor thorns infest the ground;
He comes to make His blessings flow
Far as the curse is found,
Far as the curse is found.”
The problem (all of them!) will be fixed and there will be no more sin (Rev. 21:27; 22:3; Matt. 13:41). Everything will be more right than it was ever wrong. We will see that God did, in fact, work all things together for good (Rom. 8:28). Christ will make a new creation and we will be like Him (1 Jn. 3:2; Rom. 8:29; 2 Peter 1:4). “Just as we have borne the image of the man of dust, we shall also bear the image of the man of heaven” (1 Cor. 15:49). God will fulfill our deepest desires and we will finally love the LORD our God with all our heart, soul, mind, and strength when we receive our glorified bodies (Deut. 30:6; Jer. 31:33-34; 32:40; Phil. 3:20-21)! There will be no more pain or problems and God will wipe away all our tears (Rev. 7:17; 21:4). We will once again be in Paradise, the New Jerusalem, and we will have fellowship with God (Rev. 21:3)![8]
Epilogue
This story by its nature, by the fact that it claims to be true, does not leave us alone but calls for a response. We can receive this story or we can reject it outright. God can rewrite us, as it were, into His marvelous script or He can cast us, the unruly “cast,” into hell. We must respond to this story, will we respond rightly? Will we strive to obey the God who reveals Himself?
I can’t say it better than Michael Hortan. Those of us who have believed this story and are found in Christ,
“God has ‘rescripted’ us and recast us in his story. No longer trying to fit ‘God’ or the gods into our own life story, we become characters in his unfolding drama: seated at the table with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. From God’s perspective, our own script was wrong. Regardless of the role we thought we had, our inherited character was that of ‘strangers and to the covenants of promise” who were ‘having no hope … in the world’ (Eph. 2:12). But God calls us, as he did Abram and the disciples, away from our dead-end character. In God’s, our old character dies and a new character emerges who is now given a supporting role in a plot that centers on Christ. As the casting director, the Spirit gives us not only a new identity with new clothes but a new script, with new lines.”[9]
This is the gospel, the story of all the woes of existence finding there solution in Christ.
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[1] Emlet, CrossTalk, 47.
[2] Perfect in sense but not like it will be in the new creation; Adam and Eve related to God as creation to Creator and we will relate to God in the new creation as the redeemed to the Redeemer. Therefore, we will enjoy a consummated perfect fellowship with God.
[3] Jesus has inaugurated the Kingdom of God but there is an already/not yet aspect to it. Although the Kingdom has been ushered in through Christ it will not reach its zenith until Christ’s second coming and the culmination of the new creation. Jesus has saved us and “put away sin by the sacrifice of Himself” (Heb. 9:26) and yet there is still a future aspect to our salvation; He will save us (v. 28).
[4] Luke 2:10-11 says, “I bring you good news of great joy that will be for all people… a Savior, who is Christ the Lord” (or even, LORD!). Matthew 1:24 says, Immanuel (which means, God with us)! Notice the genealogies point to Jesus as being the Christ that was promised to defeat “the Serpent of old” (Matt. 1:1-18; Luke 3:23-38 says, “Jesus… the son of Adam” who will crush Satan under His feet as promised).
[5] Sadly, those who do not have faith in Jesus Christ will be cast into the lake of eternal fire (Dan. 12:2; Matt. 25:46; John 5:28-29; Acts 24:15; Rev. 20:12-13). It should be understood that this is part of God’s reconciliation of the world, but not in redemption, but in recompense. The story for those in Christ is happily-ever-after, even more so than can be imagined, but for those not in Christ the story does not end nicely; in fact, it never ends, but is incomprehensible torment-ever-after. We should never take this part of the story lightly but we must seek to spread the good message of Christ and the hope of a “happily-ever-after.” Look at the difference between God’s people in Isaiah 65:17-25 and the rebellious in 66:24.
[6] C.S. Lewis, The Last Battle (New York: NY: Harper Collins, 2002), 228.
[7] Ibid., 213.
[8] Jesus is surly coming soon (Rev. 22:7, 20), may we be found ready (v. 12; 3:23; Luke 12:47-48; Matt. 16:27; 1 Cor. 3:14-15) and may we respond with John: “Come, Lord Jesus!”
[9] Michael Hortan, The Christian Faith: A Systematic Theology for Pilgrims on the Way, 643.
An Anthology of New Creation
The place is forsaken,
the populous city deserted. (Is. 32:14a cf. 2:11; 5:21)
In that day their strong cities will be like the deserted places, there will be desolation.
For you have forgotten the God of your salvation
and have not remembered the Rock of your refuge;
therefore, though you plant pleasant plants
though you sow and toil,
yet the harvest will flee away
in a day of grief and incurable pain. (Is. 17:9-10 contrast Ezek. 47:1-12)
Until the Spirit is poured upon us from on high,
and the wilderness becomes a fruitful field. (Is. 32:15a)
Then justice will dwell in the wilderness,
and righteousness abide in the fruitful field.
And the effect of righteousness will be peace,
and the result of righteousness, quietness and trust forever.
My people will abide in a peaceful habitation,
in secure dwellings, and in quiet resting places. (Is. 32:16, 17, 18a)
The nations shall beat their swords into plowshares,
and their spears into pruning hooks;
nation shall not lift up sword against nation,
neither shall they learn war anymore. (Is. 2:2 cf. v. 3b, 4)
In that day the LORD will say, “Blessed be Egypt My people, and Assyria the work of My hands, and Israel My inheritance.” (Is. 19:25 cf. vv. 21-25)
The LORD will swallow up death forever;
and the Lord GOD will wipe away tears from all faces,
and the reproach of his people he will take away from all the earth,
for the LORD has spoken.
It will be said on that day,
“Behold, this is our God; we have waited for Him, that He might save us.
This is the LORD; we have waited for Him;
let us be glad and rejoice in His salvation.” (Is. 25:8-9)
For the LORD comforts Zion;
He comforts all her waste places
and makes her wilderness like Eden,
her desert like the garden of the LORD;
joy and gladness will be found in her,
thanksgiving and the voice of song. (Is. 51:3)
Our Messiah brings good news to the poor,
binds up the brokenhearted
the Anointed proclaims liberty to the captives,
opens the prison to those who are bound
He gives beautiful headdress instead of ashes
the oil of gladness instead of mourning
the garment of praise instead of a faint spirit. (Is. 61:1-4)
“For behold, I create new heavens
and a new earth,
and the former things shall not be remembered
or come into mind.
But be glad and rejoice forever
in that which I create;
for behold, I create Jerusalem to be a joy,
and her people to be a gladness.
I will rejoice in Jerusalem
and be glad in My people;
no more shall be heard in it the sound of weeping
and the cry of distress. (Is. 65:17-19 cf. 4:2-6)
There shall be no more a brier to prick or thorn to hurt. (Ezek. 28:24a)
Before My people call I will answer;
while they are yet speaking I will hear.
The wolf and the lamb shall graze together;
the lion shall eat straw like the ox,
and dust shall be the serpent’s food.
They shall not hurt or destroy
in all My holy mountain. (Is. 65:24-25)
You shall be a crown of beauty in the hand of the LORD,
and a royal diadem in the hand of your God.
You shall no more be termed Forsaken,
and your land shall no more be termed Desolate,
but you shall be called My Delight Is in Her,
and your land Married;
for the LORD delights in you,
and your land shall be married.
For as a young man marries a young woman,
so shall your sons marry you,
and as the bridegroom rejoices over the bride,
so shall your God rejoice over you. (Is. 62:3-5)
Zion’s righteousness goes forth as brightness,
And her salvation as a burning torch. (Is. 62:1)
The name of the city from this time on shall be, “The LORD Is There.” (Is. 48:35)
For, the LORD is King. (cf. Is. 33:22)
The government shall be upon His shoulders,
and His name shall be called
Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God,
Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.
Of the increase of His government and of peace
there will be no end,
on the throne of David and over His kingdom,
to establish it and to uphold it
with justice and with righteousness
from this time forth and forevermore.
The zeal of the LORD of hosts will do this. (Is. 9:6-7 cf. 42:1-4)
Every knee shall bow,
every tongue shall swear allegiance. (Is. 45:23 cf. 49:7; 66:23)
You shall know that I, the LORD, am your Savior
and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob. (Is. 60:16)
Our LORD says,
“Come, everyone who thirsts.” (Is. 55:1a)
The Grave Necessity for a Hideous Hell
Hell is unashamedly a dreadful doctrine; yet, as we will see, a necessary doctrine.[1] C. S. Lewis’ said,
“There is no doctrine which I would more willingly remove from Christianity than this, if it lay in my power. But it has the full support of Scripture and, specially, of Our Lord’s own words; it has always been held by Christendom; and it has the support of reason.”[2]
We don’t desire controversy for the sake of controversy.[3] Rather, we want to be convinced biblically,[4] logically, and practically that hell is a necessary doctrine.
It is important before considering the evidence to think about our a priori assumptions. For instance, in Harper Lee’s book To Kill a Mocking Bird the correct verdict could not have been given in that context (i.e. Maycomb’s racist white community) because people excluded the possibility that anyone other than the black man, Tom Robinson, was guilty. Despite the strong evidence that Atticus Finch put forward Tom was convicted. Why? Because people were prejudice against the truth. The people’s a priori assumption, that Tom was guilty because he’s black, led them to not honestly look at the evidence and pronounce the correct verdict.
This sadly still happens. It happens in the court of law and it happens when people consider other forms of evidence. This is especially likely to occur when emotional issues are involved. So when people consider what the Bible teaches on certain subjects they come with tinted glasses. One theologian, for instance, admits that he “was led to question the traditional belief in everlasting conscious torment because of moral revulsion and broader theological considerations, not first of all on scriptural grounds.”[6]
John Stott believed in annihilationism. Stott, by his own admission, left the ranks of what is “traditional orthodoxy for most of the church fathers, the medieval theological and the Reformers.” Even as Stott emotionally wrestled with the doctrine of hell he said, “our emotions are a fluctuating, unreliable guide to truth and must not be exalted to the place of supreme authority in determining it. As a committed evangelical, my question must be—and is—not what does my heart tell me, but what does God’s word say?”[7]
As we look at the wrath of God we look from a certain vantage point in the cultural climate in which we live. This inevitably shades our perception of things. One book I read told of a Korean man that struggled not with the wrath of God (and even hell) but with the love and grace of God.[8] This was because he had seen horrible wickedness and clearly understood that wickedness deserves justice.
Timothy Keller tells about a woman that told him that the very idea of a judging God was offensive. Keller responded by asking why she wasn’t offended by the idea of a forgiving God. The woman was puzzled so Keller continued:
“’I respectfully urge you to consider your cultural location when you find the Christian teaching about hell offensive.’ …Westerns get upset by the Christian doctrine of hell, but they find Biblical teaching about turning the other cheek and forgiving enemies appealing. I then asked her to consider how someone from a very different culture sees Christianity. In traditional societies the teaching about ‘turning the other cheek’ makes absolutely no sense. It offends people’s deepest instincts about what is right. For them the doctrine of judgment, however, is no problem at all. That society is repulsed by aspects of Christianity that Western people enjoy, and are attracted by the aspects that secular Westerns can’t stand.”[9]
Many people are chronological or geographical snobs. That is, they have baseless biases and think their place in space and time has the unique vantage point to decipher morals, values, and truth claims of people in different times and cultures than their own. However, why should one think that non-Western cultures are inferior to our own?
The various aspects of the unpopularity of Christianity actually show that it is transcultural. Keller says,
“For the sake of argument, let’s imagine that Christianity is not the product of any one culture but is actually the transcultural truth of God. If that were the case we would expect that it would contradict and offend every human culture at some point, because human cultures are ever-changing and imperfect. If Christianity were the truth it would have to be offending and correcting your thinking at some place. Maybe this is the place, the Christian doctrine of divine judgment.”[10]
Let’s, as Keller says, for the sake of argument, listen to the transcultural truth of Scripture. Let’s not be biased. Let’s take our tinted glasses off and seek to see why hell is necessary.
“If the resurrection really happened…”
Imagine for a moment that Christ actually rose from the dead in bodily form after being in the grave for three days. How would His followers have reacted? For the sake of argument, suppose Christ did indeed rise from the dead. And I do not mean some vague floating mist. I mean a bodily resurrection. How would Jesus’ followers have responded?
You would think it would leave a movement in its wake. One that would continue to the present day. They would do and say things that otherwise would not make sense.
Psychological
There would be psychological differences in the group that followed Jesus. If the group was frightened after Jesus’ death, for example, hiding away, we would expect that after His bodily resurrection, they would be bold. They would be excited. They would tell people about Jesus.
In short, their psychological state would go from scared, disillusioned, and depressed to fearless, reassured, and energized. They would go from hiding in shame to hazarding their lives.
Volitional
The transformation of their psychological state would transform their actions as well. So, we would expect His followers to tell others about it. In fact, they would go to great lengths and even suffer to share the news about Jesus. They would willingly be counted insane or even go to the gallows, so to speak. In short, they would show through their actions that they had seen and touched the resurrection.
Religious
Religious texts would be reexamined and reinterpreted in light of the traumatic event. For instance, Jews would look at Isaiah 53 through a different lens. The group of followers would also have other practices that could not be explained in any other way except by the resurrection. For example, they may have a meal celebrating the work of Jesus. This practice would be strange by outsiders, yet they would still practice it because of its significance.
Traditions
Previously held religious traditions would be changed. Changes would happen that could not be explained except through a cataclysmic event. Examples of ingrained religious traditions that would be significant if changed:
1) The day a religious group gathers for worship.
2) The changing of a religious rite used to enter a religious group. An example here would be doing away with circumcision as a rite of entrance into a religious community.
It is not unreasonable to believe if something big happened it would lead to a change in tradition. It must be understood, however, that traditions do not change unless there is a reason to change them. For example, it would take something significant to change the day a religious group would gather for worship if they were told to worship on a particular day (e.g., Exodus 20:10); and it would take something big to change the religious rite of passage into a group if there was already solid precedence for a particular rite (e.g., Leviticus 12:3).
Heritage
If the resurrection happened, it would have left a heritage in its wake. People would still be impacted by it. People would still gather in mass in celebration of it. People would still be psychologically changed by it. People would tell other people about it. People would… be transformed.
If the resurrection really happened…
If the resurrection happened, it would make sense that we should not be lackadaisical about it.
Do you believe Jesus rose from the dead? If the resurrection really happened, it changes everything!
The Accomplishing Power of God
There is a lot I want to do. There is more I cannot do. I am limited, finite. I die. Grow tired.
God, thank Him, is not like me. He accomplishes all His will—always.* And, unlike me, that is a good thing. God is not like me. If I accomplished all my will this world would be a scary and stupid place to live. I have neither the character nor wisdom to accomplish my will.
I rest in the fact that God does accomplish all He purposes. And I take much comfort in the fact that He is holy. His character and purposes are always good, all the time, and He is all-wise.
I am sure you remember Bob Ross. Bob Ross would paint his “happy little trees.” He once said, “In painting, you have unlimited power. You have the ability to move mountains. You can bend rivers. But when I get home, the only thing I have power over, is the garbage.” Yet, sometimes Bob Ross would “move mountains” and “bend rivers” and it didn’t seem to make sense.
Sometimes he would say:
“Just ‘smoosh’ it in there. It’s not a real word, but people seem to know what it means” (I don’t know what he means)
“Just put a few do-ers in there…”
“Decide where your little footy hills live”
“Shwooop. Hehe. You have to make those little noises, or it just doesn’t work”
“The only thing worse than yellow snow is green snow”
Or, listen to this:
“If you did this with yellow, and you went over it with blue, you would end up with a .. with a translucent… green. And it’s gorgeous. It is GORGEOUS.” Did you know that? Would you have guessed that? I certainly wouldn’t have.
Well, if you have watched Bob Ross you might think he was a little crazy and didn’t know what he was doing. But by the end of the episode you see a beautiful picture. After you have seen one episode you don’t question him as much; you know he is a great painter.
Well, God’s power is analogues to this. God is the Great Painter. He will accomplish His will. Sometimes it doesn’t make sense to us. But we can trust His character. We can trust that the end will be beautiful. Better then we could have imagined.
Not even the terrible sufferings of this present time are worth comparing to the amazing glory that will be revealed to us. God will indeed work all things together for good. He will make all things new. He will accomplish His perfect will.
God help us to trust You. To rest in You. God, I thank You that you are all-wise. I thank You that You are Good.
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*E.g. Gen. 18:14; Job 42:2; Ps. 33:11; 43:13; 115:3; 135:6; Prov. 16:9; 19:21; 21:30; Is. 46:10; Jer. 32:27;Dan. 4:35; Matt. 19:26; Luke 1:37; Eph. 1:4-5; Rev. 3:7. This is known as God’s efficacy. He accomplishes His will.
He is there and He is not Silent
He is there and He is not silent. Of course, both these facts are immensely relevant to our discussion of the attributes of God. If God was not, or was silent, we could speak nothing of Him. But God is.[1] But, that is not all, He speaks. He has revealed Himself! In one sense, it is right to say that He didn’t need to do this.[2]
God is! He exists. He made the world—worlds!—and holds all things together (Col. 1:17; Heb. 1:3). But that is not all, He shows Himself—Himself—to us. He is not silent.
He paints the sky for us. Not once a day but twice a day. It will take a genius a lifetime to paint his masterpiece. God, with relish, paints two each day. He needs neither brush nor canvas. He paints with matter. However, that’s just one way of looking at it, for in actuality, He is continuously painting a sunset and sunrise, somewhere.
What’s more, God speaks not merely through creation but He condescends and speaks to creation. We know God through His Word. We know Him must fully through the Word become flesh (cf. Jn. 1:1-14). Contra agnosticism and deism, God can and has condescended and revealed Himself. He can do this because He is Lord of all creation.[3] It certainly is not beyond His power.
General Revelation
It says in Romans 1:18-20 that “the wrath of God is revealed from heaven… for His invisible attributes… have been clearly perceived.” What does this mean? This means that we can clearly see that there is a God from creation, even more than that, some of His attributes are made visible from His creation. “Namely, his eternal power and divine nature.” So we can perceive from creation God’s innate divinity and his everlasting power (see also Ps. 19:1-6).
So what can we understand about God from creation alone; from general revelation? We can first see God’s power. The God who made this immeasurable universe must himself be endless. The God who made this world with all its endless mysteries must Himself be majestic and divine. We can also see that God’s wrath is revealed.
I use to be a security officer. One night when I was doing my rounds and walking around the perimeter of the fence I heard a weird noise. I was not sure what it was. I was all by myself and my mind was telling me that all sorts of ill fates awaited me. However, I had to do my job so I continued to investigate the strange noise.
The noise reminded me of some sort of constant rumbling but of what I could not be sure. I kept walking toward the noise. I walked as far as I could, but eventually the fence stopped me. I was not a hundred percent sure what the noise was. It sounded like a fountain or a stream. But why had I never noticed it before? Was it a new fountain? That seemed unlikely. Or perhaps a man on a four-wheeler was planning on breaking in?
I don’t know. And the point is, I couldn’t know. My perception was obstructed. I could never be sure what I heard. I had evidence that something was there and I could even deduce things about it from what I heard but I could never be sure about it.
It is this way with general revelation. We can know something is out there but we are limited in our understanding of that something because we are fenced in. However, the good news is that this something has revealed itself, Himself, to us through the Bible; through special revelation. The Bible allows us to go past the fence and behold God.
While there are similarities between general and special revelation there is a chasm of difference. With general revelation alone there is only condemnation and hopelessness. Whereas with special revelation, there is a chance for reconciliation and hope in Christ.[4] Just as if we read merely Romans 1:18-32 we see man’s shortcoming and God’s wrath, we do not see hope. It is the same if one sees merely general revelation we cannot ultimately have real hope. However, if we read Romans 1:18-32 in context we will read verse 16 and realize that we can have hope in the gospel and we can see that it is through the gospel, though special revelation alone, that one can have salvation.
Special Revelation
Some seek after a god and imagine vainly what he would be like (Acts 17:27) but we rest in the fact that God has revealed Himself, He has spoken (e.g. Deut. 5:23-24; 2 Tim. 3:16; 2 Peter 1:16-21; Heb. 1:1-2). We can know Him, the all-powerful God. Our knowledge cannot be exhaustive, yet we can truly know, but not wholly. Not yet, not for all eternity, for God is infinite and the finite cannot obtain the infinite, even after eons in pursuit. So our knowledge and love will grow, but grow eternally, for we cannot reach the end of God’s glory. So, yes we can know God! And truly! But not finally wholly, but this is part of the superb glory and wonder of Yahweh, and indeed heaven.
Jesus, the Revelation of God in Flesh
The LORD wrote the word to reveal Himself, yet in the later days the Word—God—became flesh and dwelt (tabernacled) among us and we have seen His glory (see Jn. 1:14; Heb. 1:1-2). The infinite, inconceivable, was conceived! The Lord of all nature formed His own human nature in His mother’s womb. The nails that held Jesus on the tree were upheld by His own hand on the molecular level (see Heb. 1:3).
What Christ did on earth—loved, healed, sought sinners, condemned Pharisees, told us of God’s wrath, died for sinners, etc.—shows us God and His priorities (cf. Jn. 14:9). Jesus, God in flesh, He who is infinite in perfection, reached out and touched a leper. What an amazing thought! The LORD loves us. The LORD condescends and reaches out to us in love.
Jesus manifested the glory of God. Jesus tabernacled among us, He showed us Himself in flesh.[5] Yet, that still does not mean that we have seen all of God or know God exhaustively. Heaven will be an endless revealing of the glory of God. Remember the response that humans give angels in Scripture? Humans sought to bow in worship. Yea, angels fall prostrate before Yahweh and cry, “Holy, holy, holy.” We for all eternity will see more and more and more of God’s glory manifested and thus will increase in our ecstasy of worship. This sounds strange, I realize, yet this is what we all truly desire. I, also, do not pretend to know how it will unfold. Yet, I know it will be better than anything we can think or imagine, as Paul the Apostle says.
In Scripture, it seems to me that with each epoch of revelation from God there is a new crescendo of praise that God’s people are able to reach. In the garden, though Adam and Eve saw God they did not see Him as we do, as Savior. We have seen that which the prophets longed to look, which is a vast blessing, and should cause us to cry out in praise, yet what was the response of the saints in John’s vision from Patmos? From Genesis to Revelation we see in escalation of praise. This, I believe, is because we see more of God manifested and thus praise more. I believe this will go on and on for eternity. Seeing more, loving more, seeing more, loving more. When talking about addictions, there is what is called, “the law of diminishing returns.” That is, once someone has reached a certain “high” they no longer are happy with that high but desire a new high. This for the addict has, literally, grave consequences. However, for the saint this is glorious! The “high” (excuse the crass example) we seek is ever available, will ever increase, and will never harm![6]
Practical Application of this Doctrine
If we know of God in our heads, that is, a self-conceived notion of Him but not the real God, not the God of the Bible, then we will become futile in our thinking and our foolish hearts will be darkened (Rom. 1:21). A wrong view of God leads necessarily to impurity (v. 24), dishonorable passions (v. 26), and a debased mind (v. 28). We must truly know God and honor Him as God. We will not rightly honor Him if we do not rightly know Him. It may seem as though this topic is not applicable but it certainly is. A. W. Tozer put it well in his classic work, The Knowledge of the Holy,
“It is impossible to keep our moral practices sound and our inward attitudes right while our idea of God is erroneous or inadequate. If we would bring back spiritual power to our lives, we must begin to think of God more nearly as He is.”[7]
Now may we praise God for graciously revealing Himself to us—His power and majesty through creation, His character through His word, and who He is, expressed most definitively in, the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ.
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[1] Here are some helpful and popular arguments for the existence of God from William Lane Craig. And here are some more arguments for the existence of God.
[2] Yet, in another sense, He did need to reveal Himself. And that is because of His character, not because of some outside constraining force.
[3] See for example John Frame, The Doctrine of God, 80-115.
[4] Calvin says, “there is no righteousness except what is conferred, or comes through the gospel; for he shows that without this all men are condemned: by it alone there is salvation. John Calvin The Romans Trans. by John Owen (Grand Rapids, Michigan Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing Co, 1948), 67.
[5] It must not be forgotten that not only do we see Jesus, the Second Person of the Trinity, in Scripture, but Jesus sent a Helper to us; the Holy Spirit, the Third Person of the Trinity (Jn. 14:16-17). Our bodies, we are told, are temples for the Holy Spirit (1 Cor. 6:19-20). So we do not just learn of God externally but the Spirit bears witness and deeply communicates with us internally (cf. Rom. 8:16, 26).
[6] I believe our worship as individuals increases the more special and general revelation that we receive; or at least should. Thus, I believe that we should be the “worhipingist” people of all time. This is because we can see the glory of God proclaimed by the use of the Hubble Telescope (soon to be Webb) and because we have more Scripture then past generations and we have many more resources available to truly understand the text.
[7] A. W. Tozer, The Knowledge of the Holy The Attributes of God: Their Meaning in the Christian Life. (Lincoln, NE: Back to the Bible Broadcast, 1961), 6. I can of many examples to demonstrate this. The first one that comes to mind is Greek Mythology. The so-called gods and goddess were more crass then the whole of humanity.
Scripture is Sufficient to Address our Problems
The Bible gives us more than mere commands. It gives us the proper lens whereby to understand life.[1] The psalmist says that God’s Word is a light to our path (Ps. 119:105; cf. Ps. 1; 119:44-45; Prov. 6:23; 2 Tim. 3:15-17; 1 Peter 1:23; 2 Peter 1:3-4).
What does it mean that God’s Word is a light to our path? Here’s a friend’s story. It was dark and pine trees overhung and blocked any light from wandering onto the path. The moon and stars may have been bright but you couldn’t tell.
My friend was camping with some guys. It was late. Everyone was in for the night. But he had to go to the bathroom. Luckily he had a flashlight. He made it to the potter-pot, over a football field length away, with no problems. On the way back, however, the light flickered and went out.
My friend was in trouble. But he thought if he just walked slowly he would be ok. He would softly pat the ground in front of him and once he was convinced it was the road he would continue. Well, after walking like this for a while he became pretty comfortable and confident. He began to walk faster.
He was making good time walking. When he walked right off the road. He tripped on something, maybe a skunk for all he knew, and fell down a hill. Luckily he didn’t fall all the way down the hill. He was stopped by a tree. Actually, he was stopped pretty abruptly. Eventually, he regained his composure and crawled back up the hill.
After about an hour his friends were wondering where he was. So they sent out a “search party.” They found my friend crawling in the wrong direction. He was a little bruised and battered. But his pride was worse off.
My friend now knows the vital importance of having a light to light the path!
Having a “light” is no less important in life. It is actually more important, a lot more. There is more to fear than a tree or being found by your friends crawling in the wrong direction.
It is wrong to approach the Bible like a magic encyclopedia. It does not address every issue. Or, at least, not in the same way. However, it is fundamental to every issue. It gives the foundation on which to build. It is the ever-present and needed North Star. It is the compass pointing the way.
However, as John Piper works out in his article “Thoughts on the Sufficiency of Scripture”:
The sufficiency of Scripture does not mean that the Scripture is all we need to live obediently. To be obedient in the sciences we need to read science and study nature. To be obedient in economics we need to read economics and observe the world of business. To be obedient in sports we need to know the rules of the game. To be obedient in marriage we need to know the personality of our spouse. To be obedient as a pilot we need to know how to fly a plane. In other words, the Bible does not tell us all we need to know in order to be obedient stewards of this world.[2]
Scripture is not all we need. But we surely need it! And we especially need it to address moral and spiritual issues.
Eric Johnson points out that Paul “does not say that the Scripture contains all the soul-care information there is—all the knowledge that God has regarding the care of souls—or that all extrabiblical information that bears on human nature and counseling is irrelevant or useless or sin.”[3] Instead, he says, “The Bible contains what might be called the first principles of soul care—the most important truths for the maturation of the soul—and so it provides the God-breathed foundation for a radically Christian model of soul-healing.”[4]
So, how then is Scripture sufficient to address our problems?
First, Scripture gets to the most fundamental and important questions in all of the universe. It answers the questions: Does God exist, How did we get here, What is wrong with the world, what should we do with our life, what happens after this life, and other massive and important questions.
Second, Scripture tells us how we can receive salvation in Christ and live in Christ.[5] Thus the Bible tells us how to be transformed. David Powlison says, “The gospel of Jesus Christ is as wide as human diversity and as deep as human complexity. The Scriptures that bear witness to this Christ in the power of His Spirit are sufficient to cure souls.”[6]
Third, and something I have hinted at, the Bible gives us a lens in which to see the world. It is, again, the light to our path. John Calvin used the illustration of spectacles to explain this (Institutes 1.6.1). He said that the Bible is not only what we read, but what we read with. We use its pages as spectacles to view and read the world and the knowledge God has distributed throughout it.
Though Scripture may not be the only helpful text, it is the only necessary text. Further, and not surprisingly, God’s Word must be the authoritative text. God’s Word is the last word. That is not to say, however, that there are no other helpful resources. There certainly are. And it is in wisdom to make use of them. But, let it be clear, they must always be subordinate to the Word of the LORD.
God’s truth, as truth, is invaluable. God’s truth, as truth, is also immensely practical. It is practical for addiction.[7] It is even practical for aviation. Though, as the figure above points out, Scriptures relevance various depending on the topic. Scripture has less relevance in aviation. Yet, even in aviation Scripture is still important. For instance, it is through Scripture that we see that there is a God that rules the cosmos and thus we have laws that govern the realm in which we live. Laws that allow for flight under certain conditions. We see that the pilot must strive to be the best pilot he can be to the glory of God. We see that the pilot must praise the Lord who made the expansive world in which he lives. So we learn a few things that apply to aviation. However, we are not taught how to fly a plane. We are not taught how much fuel a plane will consume under various operating conditions.
Scripture does and does not address every relevant fact in the universe. It does address everything in that through Scripture we know the beginning and telos (goal) of all things. Yet, if obviously does not address every single datum of information. What it does is grander. More useful even.
The Word of God is truth. Guides us in truth. Makes us holy (Jn. 17:17). I realize this is not an apologetic,[8] but I can’t help but say with C. S. Lewis that I believe in Christianity and the Bible as I believe that the sun has risen. Not only because I see it, but because by it I see everything else.[9] “To the man enlightened by the Spirit, Scripture is no longer a bewildering jumble of isolated items… Part chimes in with part, Scripture meshes with Scripture, and the unified bearing of the whole Bible becomes apparent. The accompanying experience of the ‘taste’, or ‘flavour’ of spiritual realities is immediate and ineffable.”[10] Again, this is not something I can prove, it is a work of the Spirit. God the Spirit transforms by means of the Word of God. This is the biggest testimony of the sufficiency of Scripture; whether or not there is irrevocable evidence to prove it.
I will further say, that because God’s Word is truth, it gives us an accurate view of reality and of ourselves in that reality. “A true self-understanding is only possible in response to the word of God.”[11] Without God’s Word we are left to our own devices. We are left relying on a desperately wicked heart (Jer. 17:9). “Understanding Scripture promotes our understanding of God, ourselves and the way of salvation, so it is indispensable for our psychospiritual well-being (and for Christian soul care).”[12]
Look at what a proper, biblical understanding of our identity does: The Christian religion alone expels both the vice of pride and despair through the simplicity of the Gospel.
For it teaches the righteous, whom it exalts, even to participation in divinity itself, that in this sublime state they still bear the source of corruption, which exposes them throughout their lives to error, misery, death and sin; and it cries out to the most ungodly that they are capable of the grace of their redeemer. Thus, making those whom it justifies tremble and consoling those whom it condemns, it so nicely tempers fear with hope through dual capacity, common to all men, for grace and sin, that it causes infinitely more dejection than mere reason, but without despair, and infinitely more exaltation than natural pride, but without puffing us up. This clearly shows that, being alone exempt from error and vice, it is the only religion entitled to reach and correct mankind.[13]
So, as Eric Johnson has rightly pointed out the Bible claims to be and is a soul-care book.[14] “The Old and New Testament Scriptures together… have a virtue-shaping function… With the Holy Spirit’s aid, the Word of God reconfigures the minds of believers, recalibrates their hearts and reshapes their lives, moving them, communally, into an increasingly theocentric way of life.”[15]
God’s Word is truth and we are sanctified by it (Jn. 17:17). God’s Word is relevant. God’s Word is practical. God’s Word is sufficient.
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[1] Michael Hortan says that “Theology is the lived, social, and embodied integration of drama (story), doctrine, doxology, and discipleship. I am suggesting that hearing the covenantal Word of our Lord is the source of that dethronement of the supposedly sovereign self and of the integration that subverts the disintegrating logic of Western dualism and individualism” (87). He goes on to say, “The ultimate goal of theology is practical—namely, to reconcile sinners to God in Christ and to restore them to communion with God and each other in true worship” (96).
[2] John Piper, “Thoughts on the Sufficiency of Scripture: What it Does and Doesn‟t Mean.”
[3] Foundations of Soul Care, 119.
[4] Ibid.
[5] Here are some relevant statements on Scripture: The Westminster Confession of Faith says, “The whole counsel of God concerning all things necessary for his own glory, man’s salvation, faith and life, is either expressly set down in Scripture, or by good and necessary consequence may be deduced from Scripture: unto which nothing at any time is to be added, whether by new revelations of the Spirit, or traditions of men. Nevertheless, we acknowledge the inward illumination of the Spirit of God to be necessary for the saving understanding of such things as are revealed in the Word: and that there are some circumstances concerning the worship of God, and government of the church, common to human actions and societies, which are to be ordered by the light of nature, and Christian prudence, according to the general rules of the Word, which are always to be observed” (1.6). “The Scriptures of the Old and New Testament were given by inspiration of God, and are the only sufficient, certain and authoritative rule of all saving knowledge, faith and obedience” (Abstract of Principals). “The Holy Scripture is the only sufficient, certain, and infallible rule of all saving knowledge, faith, and obedience” (The Baptist Confession of Faith [1689]). “We affirm that Scripture, having been given by divine inspiration, is infallible, so that, far from misleading us, it is true and reliable in all the matters it addresses” (XI of the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy). Wayne Grudem says, “The sufficiency of Scripture means that Scripture contained all the words of God he intended his people to have at each stage of redemptive history, and that it now contains all the words of God we need for salvation, for trusting him perfectly, and for obeying him perfectly” (Systematic Theology, 127). John Frame says “Scripture contains all the divine words needed for any aspect of human life” (John Frame, DWG, 220). He goes on, “Theology is the application of Scripture, by persons, to every area of life” (DWG, 276). I think especially helpful here is David Powlison’s article “Affirmations and Denials: A Proposed Definition of Biblical Counseling” in JBC 19 (2000): 18-25. Also see “On The Sufficiency of Scripture in a Therapeutic Culture” adopted by the Southern Baptist Convention.
[6] David Powlison, “The Sufficiency of Scripture to Diagnose and Cure Souls,” 13.
[7] Scripture surely speaks to the problem of addiction. Interestingly you could put a passage of Scripture alongside each step of many of the Twelve Step Programs. In many ways that is exactly what Celebrate Recovery has done.
[8] In defensive of Scripture I have found Frame, DWG helpful.
[9] Is Theology Poetry?”, The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses.
[10] J.I. Packer, A Quest for Godliness: The Puritan Vision of the Christian Life (Wheaton: Crossway, 1990), 92.
[11] Johnson goes on to say, “Scripture teaches that sanctification involves repentance and forgiveness of sins in Christ… and only within that context can genuine soul-healing occur. God’s word radically changes one’s perspective on one’s psychological predicament” (Ibid. 75).
[12] Johnson, Foundations, 38.
[13] Blaise Pascal, Pensees, 68.
[14] Foundations of Soul Care, 28 see also ch. 2. He says “The Bible is the primary soul care text for the Christian community” (Ibid., 18 italics mine). He says “primary” because he understands that other sources, even secular sources, can be helpful.
[15] Johnson, Foundations, 33.
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